Anand Classes provides complete Emergency Provisions in India (Articles 352, 356, and 360) Polity Notes for NDA GAT, covering National Emergency, President’s Rule, and Financial Emergency in detail. These notes include constitutional provisions, conditions for proclamation, effects on fundamental rights, and exam-focused MCQs with FAQs to strengthen your NDA preparation. Click the print button to download study material and notes.
Emergency Provisions in India (Articles 352, 356, 360)
The Indian Constitution provides for extraordinary powers to deal with situations of crisis. These are called Emergency Provisions, and they are mentioned in Part XVIII (Articles 352 to 360).
The President of India is empowered to proclaim three types of emergencies:
1. National Emergency (Article 352)
- Declared on the grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
- It affects the fundamental rights of citizens, especially Article 19 which is suspended automatically.
- Parliament gains power to legislate on subjects from the State List.
- The Lok Sabha can extend its term during the emergency.
2. President’s Rule / State Emergency (Article 356)
- Declared when there is a failure of constitutional machinery in a state.
- The state legislature is suspended or dissolved, and the state comes under direct control of the Centre.
- The Governor becomes the executive head, working on behalf of the President.
- This provision is also called “President’s Rule.”
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
- Declared when there is a threat to the financial stability or credit of India.
- The Executive Authority of the Centre extends to issuing directions to the states for maintaining financial discipline.
- The President may:
- Direct a reduction in salaries and allowances of government employees.
- Order the reservation of Money Bills for his consideration.
- Direct a reduction in salaries of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- During this emergency, the Centre acquires full control over the financial matters of states.
Effects of Financial Emergency
- Central dominance: The Union assumes significant control over the states in financial matters.
- Salary reduction: Salaries of public servants, judges, and Union employees can be reduced.
- Money Bills reserved: All Money Bills passed by state legislatures must be reserved for Presidential assent.
- Financial propriety: States must follow the financial discipline imposed by the Union.
FAQs on Emergency Provisions (NDA Exam Focused) for SSB Preparation
Q1. How many types of emergencies are mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
Answer: The Constitution provides for three types of emergencies – National Emergency (Article 352), President’s Rule (Article 356), and Financial Emergency (Article 360). These ensure the Union can act decisively in times of crisis.
👉 Important for UPSC NDA polity notes preparation and found in Anand Classes NDA study material pdf.
Q2. What is the maximum duration of a Financial Emergency?
Answer: A Financial Emergency continues indefinitely until it is revoked by the President. Unlike National Emergency, there is no maximum time limit prescribed.
👉 This tricky detail often appears in NDA polity MCQs and is part of UPSC NDA study material pdf.
Q3. Which Fundamental Rights are suspended during a National Emergency?
Answer: During a National Emergency under Article 352, Article 19 (Right to Freedom) is automatically suspended. Other Fundamental Rights may also be suspended under Article 359, except Articles 20 and 21 which cannot be suspended.
👉 This is a highly tested question in UPSC NDA exam preparation from NDA polity notes download.
Q4. Who has the authority to proclaim an emergency?
Answer: The President of India, based on the written recommendation of the Union Cabinet, has the power to proclaim any of the three emergencies.
👉 A factual recall area in NDA polity notes preparation and Anand Classes UPSC NDA study material pdf.
Q5. Has a Financial Emergency ever been declared in India?
Answer: No Financial Emergency has been declared so far in India. However, both National Emergencies and State Emergencies have been proclaimed several times.
👉 Direct current-affairs + polity linkage, often tested in NDA polity exams.
Important NDA MCQs on Emergency Provisions in India (Articles 352, 356, 360)
Q1. Under which Article can the President of India declare a National Emergency?
a) Article 356
b) Article 360
c) Article 352
d) Article 368
Answer: c) Article 352
Explanation: A National Emergency is proclaimed under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution in case of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. Article 356 deals with President’s Rule, Article 360 with Financial Emergency, and Article 368 with constitutional amendments. This is a high-frequency topic in NDA polity notes preparation and UPSC NDA study material pdf.
Q2. Which Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended during a National Emergency?
a) Articles 14 and 15
b) Articles 19 and 21
c) Articles 20 and 21
d) Articles 22 and 32
Answer: c) Articles 20 and 21
Explanation: Even during a National Emergency, the Right to Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21) cannot be suspended. This detail is often tricky and comes directly in UPSC NDA polity notes.
Q3. How long can the Rajya Sabha approve the continuation of a National Emergency after it is proclaimed?
a) 1 month
b) 2 months
c) 6 months
d) 1 year
Answer: c) 6 months
Explanation: Once proclaimed, a National Emergency must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month. After approval, it remains in force for 6 months at a time and can be extended with repeated approvals. This is often asked in NDA previous year papers and is covered in Anand Classes NDA study material pdf.
Q4. Which of the following emergencies has never been proclaimed in India?
a) National Emergency
b) State Emergency
c) Financial Emergency
d) Both National and State Emergency
Answer: c) Financial Emergency
Explanation: India has experienced National Emergencies (1962, 1971, 1975) and President’s Rule under Article 356 many times, but Financial Emergency (Article 360) has never been proclaimed. This fact-based question is common in NDA polity exam preparation.
Q5. During a Financial Emergency, the President can:
a) Suspend all Fundamental Rights
b) Reduce salaries of government employees and judges
c) Dissolve Parliament
d) Abolish State Assemblies
Answer: b) Reduce salaries of government employees and judges
Explanation: Under Article 360, during a Financial Emergency, the President may direct the reduction of salaries and allowances of public servants, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. Parliament cannot be dissolved by this provision. Such fine distinctions are crucial for UPSC NDA polity notes preparation.
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